The substituted piperazines are dibasic amines with no stereoisomers. They are synthetic substances. The piperazine derivatives are not chemically similar to any of the more common substances of misuse, but have a more distant connection with phencyclidine and with 1-phenylethylamine and its derivatives.
The suggestion that BZP and other piperazine derivatives are extracted from the pepper plant may arise from confusion with the unrelated substance piperine, a constituent of black pepper Piper nigrum. Both are commercially available.
Similar positional isomers occur with the other substituted phenylpiperazines. Piperazine derivatives are usually found in illicit dosage forms as either tablets or capsules, but loose powders also occur. Solutions are encountered less frequently.
There are no licensed medicinal products in the EU containing BZP or any of the other substances considered here. After a dose of 50— mg in human volunteers, BZP was found to increase pulse rate, blood pressure systolic and diastolic and pupillary dilation. In a New Zealand Household survey, 2, people aged between 13 and 45 years were questioned regarding their use of BZP and related substances. Psychological problems experienced were in order of frequency : trouble sleeping, loss of energy, strange thoughts, mood swings, confusion and irritability.
There have been a few instances of fatalities involving BZP, but in none was BZP the immediate cause of death, and all of these instances involved other drugs. Animal studies have demonstrated that BZP stimulates the release and inhibits the reuptake of dopamine , serotonin and noradrenaline. These systems are prone to genetic polymorphisms, so potential inter-individual differences may occur. Following oral administration of m CPP to healthy human male volunteers, the elimination half-life ranges from 2.
In rats, m CPP is extensively metabolised by hydroxlation of the aromatic ring and, to a lesser extent, by degradation of the piperazine ring to produce hydroxy- m CPP two isomers , N - 3-chlorophenyl ethylenediamine, 3-chloroaniline and hydroxychloroaniline two isomers.
Physiological and subjective effects reach their peak 1 to 2 hours after oral administration and can last 4 to 8 hours. The negative effects of m CPP, often typical of a serotonin syndrome, include anxiety, dizziness, confusion, shivering, sensitivity to light and noise, fear of losing control, migraine and panic attacks. No fatal poisonings from m CPP have been reported.
BZP has been available from retail chemical suppliers and there have been no reports of illicit synthesis. It can be manufactured by reacting piperazine monohydrochloride with benzyl chloride. The latter precursor is readily available, and piperazine monohydrochloride is easily produced from the commercially-available salts.
It is known that 1,4-dibenzylpiperazine DBZP can be formed as a side-product in this reaction. There are several routes to the synthesis of m CPP, the most common of which is the reaction of diethanolamine with m-chloroaniline. Other methods involve the reaction of m-chloroaniline with bis 2-chloroethyl amine or the reaction of piperazine with m-dichlorobenzene.
The other two isomers of CPP could be made in a similar way. It is unlikely that the m CPP found in illicit products has been synthesised in clandestine laboratories since it is available commercially as the base or as the hydrochloride salt.
Before piperazines were brought under the Misuse of Drugs Act in December , most sales were conducted on the internet. The number of UK websites that sold the drug or websites based abroad that shipped to the UK suggested that there was a fairly significant number of users in this country. An online survey conducted in late in collaboration with the magazine Mixmag showed that amongst this particular user group of clubbers In , the same survey showed a drop with Harm reduction Piperazines, as with all synthetic stimulants, are best avoided if you have high blood pressure or heart disease, epilepsy or liver problems.
If taken in hot clubs or while engaged in activity such as dancing be sure not to overheat. Start low and go slow. Take a quarter to a half of a pill and wait a couple of hours to gauge the effects. The effects of BZP generally last from 6 to 8 hours.
BZP primarily is abused by teenagers and young adults. The drug often is used at raves, nightclubs, private parties, and other venues where the use of club drugs, particularly MDMA, is well established. The risks associated with BZP abuse are similar to those associated with amphetamine abuse.
Stimulants, including BZP and amphetamine, decrease appetite, dilate pupils, and increase blood pressure and heart and respiration rates. Other effects include anxiety, blurred vision, dizziness, and insomnia.
Chronic abuse of stimulants can cause irregular heartbeat and can lead to delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia. Compounding these risks is the uncertainty of the BZP dosage in a particular tablet, capsule, or quantity of powder--high dosages can cause overdoses. Further, BZP tablets often contain additional substances.
Yes, BZP is illegal.
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