Read: Just a small percentage of population to benefit from Smart Cities Mission. Such a demographic divergence has rarely been witnessed in other countries or for that matter in many parts of India. In contrast, south India, Maharashtra, Gujarat and even Punjab did not experience the demographic divergence. Our district level analysis reveals that regions with low agricultural productivity per hectare and higher differences in rural-urban literacy levels exhibited higher degrees of this demographic divergence.
Thus, the pace of urbanisation in India could quicken by boosting agricultural productivity and rural literacy levels, reducing rural natural growth rates and reversing the demographic divergence.
In theory, these measures could also reduce migration from villages to cities and thus slow down the pace of urbanisation through the migration channel. In practice, longer duration rural-urban migration streams are positively associated with income and education levels in India as farm work becomes a less attractive proposition.
The bulk of work related migration in India tends to be male-dominated and semi-permanent in nature. As a result, in-coming cohorts of migrants are partially offset by out-going cohorts of older migrants in major Indian cities, and this dampens the pace of urbanisation. Urban growth, as against urbanisation, has been fairly rapid but even here there are distinct signs of slowdown as fertility rates dip along the course of the demographic transition. Most Indian cities grew at a slower annual rate post than the period between and due to a decline in fertility rates.
However, there can be some disadvantages to relocating people from slums to cities. Regardless of the cons, urbanization has improved the lives of many in China , Ghana and Latin America. One benefit of urbanization is increased access to resources like clean water and food. The current speed of urbanization in developing countries makes urban governance and adequate planning increasingly urgent.
As cities grow, inequality is likely to increase unless we implement policies to address it. While there is no one-size-fits-all solution to reducing urban inequality, some Governments have been able to address the spatial, economic and social aspects of the urban divide and promote inclusive urbanization, including in rapidly growing cities.
Their successful strategies have four elements in common. First, they have established land and property rights, paying particular attention to security of tenure for people living in poverty. Second, they have improved the availability of affordable housing, infrastructure and basic services and access to these services, since good transport networks, including between residential and commercial areas, are key to spatial connectivity and economic inclusion.
Making the shift from physical expansion of cities and infrastructure to delivering services to Chinese citizens will truly be the people-oriented urbanization the authorities are looking for, and China's poor will stand to gain most from that shift. You have clicked on a link to a page that is not part of the beta version of the new worldbank. Will you take two minutes to complete a brief survey that will help us to improve our website?
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